非洲雨林里的短命部落：赤脚上树30米、徒手搏巨蟒！祖孙三代住树叶棚屋，却活不过40岁！
In the vast tropical rainforest in southern Cameroon, there is a group of people who are only 1.3 meters tall. They have lived in the dense forest for generations. There are no brick houses, no water or electricity grid. Their roofs are made of leaves, their kitchens are fires, and their battlefields are the pythons in the forest and the giant rats in the river. They are the Baka people, one of the most famous “dwarf tribes” in Africa. If you have watched National Geographic documentaries or have explored the African jungle, you may have heard of their names, but most people don’t know that in this nation whose average height is not as high as that of a middle school student, there lives a magical group of people who can climb 30-meter-high trees with bare hands, track 6-meter-long pythons , and build “portable houses” with their bare hands. In this rainforest world where even mobile phone signals cannot penetrate, men climb trees barefoot, women wear leaf skirts to catch mice, and children have been learning how to “avoid snakes, read wind direction, and listen to bird calls to know the weather” since childhood . They hunt with their ancestral poison arrows, weave traps with forest rattan , and even perform sacrificial ceremonies by singing to “invite the gods of the forest.” But they are not mythical figures, they are real and still exist in a corner of the world. A group of people , but now this mysterious tribe is disappearing. The impact of modern civilization, the destruction of the rain forest and the exodus of young people have brought this ancient civilization that has lasted for hundreds of years to an end . What kind of place is the Baka tribe? Why are both men and women so tough? In this issue, we will take you into the depths of the rain forest to get to know this short but powerful nation . The Baka people of Africa. From a geographical point of view, the Baka tribe is located in the deep forest of Cameroon in Africa, which is full of mystery and primitive atmosphere. The residents of the tribe are isolated from the world. The advanced technology and modern products of the outside world have nothing to do with them. It seems that they have never wanted to go out and see. They stick to the depths of the forest and live their own group life. However, it is in such an environment that lives a group of people called “the last rainforest natives in Africa” by the anthropological community . The Baka people have no streets and no buildings. Their homes are all built by themselves. They can build a small house to shelter from the wind and rain with the simplest materials such as branches, rattan, banana leaves and a piece of open space. Their houses look It looks like a large turtle shell turned upside down on the ground. The height is only enough for an adult Baka to sit down. A taller person can hardly stand upright. The roof is covered with thick broad-leaved plants and vines , and the middle is reinforced with wet soil and tree bark. It is rainproof but well ventilated and can withstand the changeable climate in the rainforest. But don’t get me wrong, this is not a temporary shelter , but their real home. Different from the lifestyle of settled villages, the Baka people have a semi-migratory tribal structure. They will migrate repeatedly in the depths of the forest with the change of seasons throughout the year in search of hunting resources, water sources or more suitable settlements. Once the prey in a certain place decreases or the soil is no longer suitable for gathering, they will pack up their belongings, dismantle the house , and build another “village” in the new forest. The construction speed of these houses is amazing. A dozen people can build a complete rainforest village in just a few hours . A dozen dome-shaped huts that can only be entered by bending over, a central fire, a circle of men, women, old and young sitting on vines , form a complete family unit . During the day, men go into the forest to hunt, and women gather fruits The children played by the forest, imitating the adults in archery or tree climbing. When night fell, clusters of fires were lit in the depths of the rainforest, accompanied not by television and music , but by the tribe’s chorus and drums , and even whistles imitating the rhythm of birdsong , as if the entire rainforest belonged to them. Their world had no walls , but had a stronger sense of boundaries than modern cities . Outside was the “civilized society”, and inside was the familiar living territory of the Baka people. What’s interesting is that although their houses look very primitive , they are functional and efficient ecological masterpieces. The tilt angle of the roof is just right for rainwater drainage, and the bottom of the house is covered with hay to prevent moisture. The low entrance helps prevent snakes and insects from invading. There is no door in the house , but mosquitoes are prevented from breeding because of the fireworks all year round. These wisdoms do not come from blueprint design but from the accumulation of generations of experience . In the eyes of the Baka people, “house” is not a symbol of settlement , but a tool that can be “built at the right time and put down at any time”. The real home is the forest , the land under your feet and the treetops above your head. This perception of home is different from what we understand as “ownership” and “property”. The “property rights” are completely different. The “home” of the Baka people is not in a fixed location , but in the relationship they have established with nature. They don’t have bank accounts, but they are familiar with the location of each tree and the call of each bird. But the problem is that the forest is getting smaller . Logging companies, mining equipment , foreign villagers, border roads are cutting into this green land step by step , and tearing apart the “home” built by the Baka people with branches . Before they have time to say goodbye, their hometown has become a pile of debris and smoke. In modern society, people often equate “strong” with “tall” , but in the deep African rainforest, the Baka people , a man who is only 1.3 meters tall , can climb a 30-meter-high tree like a monkey just to pick a beehive, and can also fight a 6-meter-long python with only a hand-carved short spear. These seemingly incredible scenes are in their In the Baka culture, a boy must complete a difficult test to become a “man” . He must climb a 30-meter-high upright tree with his bare hands to take down the beehive or bird eggs on the top of the tree . There is no safety rope or protective equipment. He can only wrap his waist and abdomen with thick vines and step on the tree trunk like a spiral to climb up little by little. The trees in the forest are not fruit trees in the garden , but tall and straight tropical trees with smooth skin. The trunk diameter is enough for one person to hug. The top can hardly see the sun. The wind shakes violently. The climbing process requires not only physical strength and endurance , but also courage and skills. At a height of tens of meters, they have to face another test: the attack of wild bees . Honey is a precious source of energy for the tribe, but tropical wild bees are very aggressive. Young people must bear the pain. Only those who complete the task without wavering will be considered qualified. Once successful, he will be recognized by the elders of the tribe, allowed to join the hunting team of adult men , and eligible to get married . Those who fail or fall or give up halfway will have to remain in the ranks of children , and may even be unable to marry for the rest of their lives. The coming-of-age ceremony is cruel , but it is this extreme method that has trained the Baka people ‘s unique survival ability. Although they are short in height , they have a high muscle ratio, high bone density, and are much more flexible than ordinary humans. They can run in the dense forest, use their noses to identify the wind direction, use their footsteps to feel the vibration of the ground , and dive into the turbid river for up to two minutes in one breath to catch fish with their bare hands. Daily training starts from an early age. Children as young as five or six learn to climb trees , set traps , and identify edible plants and poisonous mushrooms. They don’t learn the alphabet, but they can recognize the functions of more than 200 plants, which ones can heal injuries , which ones can wake up the brain, and which ones can be painted on arrows to become deadly weapons. The purpose of all this training is not to show off physical fitness , but to survive in the forest. Danger is everywhere, including poisonous snakes, wild boars, swarms of bees, crocodiles in the river, and the deadly threats brought by getting lost. If you can’t identify the direction, find water sources , and catch prey on your own , it means elimination. These abilities are passed down from generation to generation and are the entire Baka culture. But it is worth noting that these skills have no written textbooks and no teachers to explain them. They rely entirely on word of mouth and personal experience. This also means that once the next generation no longer lives in the forest, these skills will be irreversibly lost. Now some young people begin to envy the outside world , television, mobile phones, and urban jobs. They hope to escape from the beehives on the trees and the mud traps , but they often enter another strange and indifferent society, unable to read words and jobs that cannot earn money. And their small but powerful traditional skills are nothing in the city. The bodies and wisdom that once made them invincible in the rainforest have become useless and redundant in modern society. So more and more elders began to worry. If there are no hunters, who will track the elephants? If there are no tree climbers, who will collect honey? If there is no coming-of-age ceremony, what will be left of this tribe? In the world of the Baka people, nothing is more respectable than “hunter” . This title not only represents strength and skill , but also a symbol . Whoever can bring back prey for the tribe will win the favor of women, the worship of children, and the admiration of the tribe . The rainforest in the early morning has not yet fully awakened. Several shirtless men have quietly stepped into the depths of the dense forest. They are holding homemade short bows and poisonous arrows. Bamboo spears , some carry nets made of thick rattan, some have sharpened sticks tied around their waists. Their steps are as light as leopards , and their eyes are sharper than eagles. Hunting is an instinct and an art for Baka men. The first step is tracking. Baka hunters can judge the type, quantity and distance of prey just by the direction of the bent leaves , the freshness and oldness of the feces, and the shallow prints on the mud. They are familiar with every elephant trail and every water source in the forest. They know which tree is where antelopes like to lick salt, and which rock may hide hedgehogs or porcupines. Then they surround the prey. They often act in teams, one person lures , one cuts off the retreat, and one quietly ambushes the prey. If the prey is small, such as monkeys or giant rats , they use nets to quickly close the mouth. If it is a wild boar or antelope , they shoot it with poison arrows, hit the vital point and wait. It fell down due to exhaustion . The most dangerous task is to catch pythons. Giant pythons are not uncommon in the tropical rain forest , but only Baka hunters can kill them head-on. The giant python can be up to five or six meters long, with a waist as thick as a human leg. It hides in caves or vines, moves swiftly, and is good at entanglement with its prey to death. Hunters usually use the “luring hunting method”. First, use cooked chicken blood or animal viscera to lure the snake out of the hole , and then quickly pounce on it. One person holds the tail, one controls the head , and one pierces the seven inches with a spear. This process cannot tolerate the slightest mistake. A step slower may cause the prey to be entangled and fractured or even suffocated . After the python is caught , the most primitive division of labor is skinning, taking the gallbladder, cutting the meat, and making soup. Python meat is considered one of the supplements of the Baka people, and its skin is often used for sacrifice or weaving. Hunting itself is not done every day . Usually the Baka people eat once a week They organize a large-scale collective hunt, and the rest of the time they do small-scale family hunting. They follow an ancient but simple principle: only hunt enough to eat, not too much, and only hunt for one bite. This is a tacit understanding reached with nature, and it is also the survival ethic given to them by the forest . In this rainforest, the role of men is “hunters”, who not only have to support their families but also protect the tribe. They will hang the trophies of successful hunting at the entrance of the village , and the elders will sing songs to praise their bravery. They will also tell the children the story of each tracking by the campfire and pass on experience. But these stories are becoming less and less. In recent years , the hunting space of the Baka people has been continuously compressed, forests have been cut down, protected areas have been demarcated, hunting laws have been promulgated, and the “men’s battlefield” on which they rely for survival has become “illegal behavior”. Many hunters They are forced to turn to the black market or retreat to the depths of the mountains and forests and never return to the village. But for those men who still stick to their identity as hunters, even if the forest is getting smaller and smaller , even if the bow and arrow are outdated , they still have to go into the mountains, because there they can really stand up straight. Even if they are less than 1.4 meters tall, they are still the strongest backbone of the tribe. In the eyes of outsiders, Baka women look docile and quiet. They are short , speak softly, and walk silently. But if you really go deep into their lives , you will find that in the natural battlefield of the forest, women’s “tactics” are no less than men’s “battles”. They may not be able to fight with pythons , but they can catch a three-pound African giant rat alive with their bare hands. They may not be good at climbing trees and shooting arrows , but they can fight in the muddy river bay. Using plant venom and fishing nets to harvest fish from an entire stream at once is part of the daily life of Baka women. This is the “logistics system” that the entire tribe relies on for survival. The most representative of these is their rat-catching skills. The African giant rat is a wild rodent that is several times larger than an ordinary mouse. Its meat is tender and is an important source of protein for the Baka. During the day, these mice hide in complex underground passages and come out to look for food at night . The women rely on a set of “hole digging maps” that have been passed down from generation to generation. They can judge the location of the mice and the direction of their nests by the direction of the bitten grass leaves and the subtle loosening of the soil . Digging a hole requires great patience and experience. Several women work together. Some clear the weeds on the surface, some use sticks to detect the depth, and some light hay at the entrance of the hole to create smoke to force the mice out . Once the giant rats can’t stand the smoke , there will be women waiting by the side, and they will capture them accurately with their pockets. In addition to catching mice , fishing is also their specialty. The fishing method of Baka women does not use fishing rods or fishing nets at all , but a method that is close to “chemical warfare”. They will collect a forest plant called “Ikara”, whose roots contain natural paralytic toxins, crush them and sprinkle them into streams or puddles. After a few minutes, the small fish in the water began to turn white and float slowly. Then they jumped into the water and scooped up a handful with a rattan basket. This seems rough , but it is actually quite scientific. They know that this poison will not remain for a long time, is harmless to the human body , and will not pollute the water source. The whole process is fast, environmentally friendly and efficient, and has been practiced in the rainforest streams for hundreds of years . They are also responsible for collecting berries , mushrooms, honey, and herbs. They are the “natural pharmacists” and “mobile granaries” in the forest . They recognize the effects of hundreds of plants, which can stop bleeding , which can reduce fever, which can promote lactation, and which can be used as dyes. At the same time , they have to build houses , take care of children , make fires and cook , and even protect the safety of the entire village while the men are hunting. Sometimes foreign visitors ask in surprise, ” Are your women not afraid of snakes , insects , or blood? ” The Baka people always smile but do not answer, because in their culture, “women” are not synonymous with weakness, but the smartest , most dexterous, and most indispensable existence in the forest. Especially in sacrifices or nighttime singing and dancing ceremonies, women also play the role of souls. They will dance the “Blue Eight Dance” around the fire, wearing skirts made of vines and leaves, tapping the ground with their feet and playing rhythm with hand drums to guide the emotions of the tribe into a trance-like state. This is not only a performance, but also a spiritual communication and prayer. It can be said that men win prey for the tribe in the forest, while women maintain order and warmth for the entire tribe in life. In the gradually changing modern marginal environment, when men’s bows and arrows are banned and hunting is restricted, women’s skills such as gathering, weaving, and fishing have become a more stable means of survival. They did not climb 30-meter trees , but they are the most solid roots of this forest civilization. Whenever night falls in the depths of the dense African rainforest, the Baka people will light a bonfire and bursts of distant singing will begin to sound in the village. There is no sound system, no stage , and even no lyrics in language, but the high and low “hums” and “whistles” can instantly make people feel an ancient charm that travels through time and space. For the Baka people, music is a form of communication , a belief, and a bond between people and forests. The relationship between people and spirits is a form of music that is unique to the Baka people. In a culture without written language, sound has become the most important carrier of inheritance for the Baka people . From the lullaby for a baby’s birth to the drum dance at the coming-of-age ceremony to the sacrificial songs in the forest late at night, each melody carries the memory and spirit of the ethnic group . The most distinctive feature of their music is a polyphonic chorus commonly known as “rainforest yodeling”. Women and girls usually sing the high notes, imitating the rhythm of birds, insects and water flow, while men use low humming and drum sounds as the base , forming a natural “stereo sound” surrounding the forest. This chorus has no conductor and no fixed mode , but has formed an amazing natural harmony through repeated practice. Many ethnomusicologists found it hard to believe that a group without schools or musical instrument training could play such a complex polyphonic melody. The most shocking scene often occurs in a ceremony called “Lanba Dance”, which is a night blessing dance exclusively for women. The women dance around the bonfire, wearing skirts woven from vine leaves , beating drums with their hands and stomping on the ground with their feet, and shouting “ancestors bless you” after each dance. The dance steps gradually speed up from slow to fierce, and finally reach a state that is almost “ecstatic”. Tailanba Dance is not only a tribute to ancestors and forest gods, but also a form of psychological healing. When someone in a family is seriously ill or fails in hunting , the tribe will hold a “spirit prayer dance” for him to use sound to call back good luck and balance . Before hunting, the men will sit in a circle and hum a low-frequency resonant hunting song, which is said to awaken the souls of animals sleeping in the mountains and forests, and “apply” to nature for a good harvest. This spiritual system with sound as the core not only has aesthetic value , but also is the “language” between them and nature. For the Baka people, music is not something to embellish life , but the skeleton and blood of life itself. However, this world of sound is also becoming weak. With the introduction of foreign culture and the yearning of young people for “modern life”, more and more Baka youths have begun to stop participating in ceremonies and stop learning to sing traditional songs . They have started to listen to pop music on their mobile phones , but have gradually forgotten how to sing a harmony belonging to the tribe in the forest. In Baka culture, silence is a kind of death , and music is the evidence of the nation’s continued breathing. In the past ten years, foreign logging companies have “rented” large tracts of forest land at very low prices . Between the roaring days and nights of machines, century-old trees have fallen in batches, and animals have fled in panic. The river water was turbid. When the Baka people woke up, their familiar hunting grounds turned into a scorched earth full of tire marks. At the same time, large mining groups also set their sights on underground resources. Gold mines, tantalum mines, and diamonds attracted large numbers of gold diggers into the rain forest . As “illegal residents”, the Baka people were not only unable to stop them , but were often expelled without notice. Their houses were burned down, their traps were dismantled, and they were fined or even arrested for hunting. Even more cruel was that modern laws began to define what the Baka people were best at as “illegal”. Hunting became poaching , collecting honey became ecological destruction , and building huts became illegal construction. They became “illegal immigrants” on the land of their ancestors. Some young people chose to leave the forest and go to the city to find jobs , but soon discovered that they could not read, write, or understand legal terms. In the end, they were reduced to the lowest level of coolies in the labor black market. In return, they received only low wages, insults , and exhaustion . Some were confused by the “civilization” of the city, became addicted to alcohol and drugs, and could never go back. The forest lost the protection of nature, and they were like fish out of water . They breathe hard on the green ground. At the same time , the skills they once regarded as symbols of faith and dignity, such as bow hunting, tree climbing, and blue eight dance, have begun to be interrupted by young people. The wisdom of generations of ancestors has become a “performance” for tourists to take pictures, and the language of the forest has become an “exhibition” in museums. Some people say that the outside world has brought development and “opportunities” , but for the Baka people, this “development” is more like a silent erosion , and what they ultimately lose is not only the land but also the right to speak. Now the average life expectancy of the Baka people is less than 40 years old, the child mortality rate is high, diseases cannot be treated, and education is out of reach. They have no social security and no voting rights . They are a “gray existence” outside the national system. But even so, they still stubbornly stay on the edge of the forest. They rebuild their houses while being driven away . If they are demolished, they build new ones. If the hunting area is closed, they take a detour. They are always reluctant to completely leave this forest, even if it is riddled with holes and even if it can no longer shelter them. As before, by the campfire at the edge of the forest, the Baka elders sit on their homemade rattan chairs There were several children around him . In the flickering firelight, he was beating an old hand drum while singing an ancient “Origin Song”. The children listened attentively, but from time to time they secretly lowered their heads to look at the screen of their mobile phones, which was playing an online dance video. This was the most realistic scene of the Baka people now. On one hand, the songs of their ancestors were still echoing in their ears, and on the other hand, the temptations of the outside world were quietly invading. More and more young people were unwilling to sing these “incomprehensible” old songs , unwilling to participate in the “Blue Eight Dance”, and felt it was shameful to wear leaf skirts . They also didn’t want to go to the forest to climb trees and hunt. They wanted to know more about the cities outside. There were Wi-Fi, shopping malls, jeans and hamburgers. Some people said that the disappearance of culture was the price of progress. Letting children go to school and find jobs in the city was the only way for them to get a new life. But some people asked in return, if they gave up their culture, what else could they bring into this world? They were illiterate and didn’t understand the laws . Even if they left the forest , they would only walk from one edge to another. A few organizations and scholars began to try. The “cultural translation” work uses images to record the traditional rhythms, hunting techniques, language systems and dance forms of the Baka . It opens “forest schools” in remote areas to teach the Baka wisdom to the next generation through oral and experiential methods. There are even ethnomusicologists working with Baka youth to adapt traditional choral melodies with electronic music to let the ancient rhythms jump into modern beats. The Baka people were once regarded as “savages”, watched by tourists, ignored by policies , and omitted by history , but they still use their own weak ways to preserve their own rhythms beside the cut down forest. They may lose the forest , but if they still sing and dance and remember which mushrooms can cure fever and which tree bark can be used as drum skins , then they are still Baka people. Maybe the Baka people in the future will no longer live in leaf houses and wear vine skirts , but they can tell the world in their own way that we have been here, we are part of the rainforest, and our voices deserve to be heard . It is not easy to make long videos. If you still like this issue , please subscribe, like, and forward our next video. The
🟡本期简介🟡
非洲雨林深处的神秘部落，靠捕蛇鼠生活，居住只靠临时搭建的树棚屋，就是这样一个部落，究竟是如何存活至今？又是为何寿命如此短暂，从出生就开始倒计时？本期眼见世界将带您走进这个神秘又强悍的部落
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