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New in Science: Nuclear Fusion Fuel – Deuterium-Tritium Explained
Nuclear fusion, the process that powers the Sun, holds the promise of nearly limitless clean energy on Earth. One of the most promising fuel combinations for achieving controlled nuclear fusion is deuterium and tritium. These are isotopes of hydrogen, which means they share the same chemical properties but differ in their atomic structure due to the number of neutrons in their nuclei.
Deuterium (²H or D) is a stable isotope of hydrogen with one proton and one neutron in its nucleus. It is abundant on Earth, especially in seawater, where it can be extracted relatively easily. About 1 in every 6,400 hydrogen atoms in water is deuterium, making it a widely available resource for potential fusion reactors.
Tritium (³H or T), on the other hand, is a radioactive isotope of hydrogen with one proton and two neutrons. Tritium is rare in nature and must be produced in reactors or through the interaction of deuterium with lithium. Its radioactivity makes it more challenging to handle, but its properties make it essential for fusion reactions.
In nuclear fusion, when deuterium and tritium nuclei collide at extremely high temperatures (over
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