Previous NLI Research Institute Letters— “Changes in Average Commuting Time Before and After the COVID-19 Pandemic in Japan―Gender and Age Differences” and “Regional Differences in the Increase in Women’s Average Commuting Time in Japan Before and After the COVID-19 Pandemic”—used an original survey conducted by the NLI Research Institute and suggested that women’s commuting time increased between 2019 and 2025 across regions. This article examines whether the observed increase may instead be explained by respondent turnover or changes in the composition of employment types. Analyses by employment type and panel analyses limited to respondents who participated in both the 2019 and 2025 survey indicate that the increase in women’s commuting time cannot be explained solely by such compositional changes, suggesting that it likely reflects actual changes in commuting behavior.
■Index
1――Introduction
2――Changes in the Composition of Employment Types
3――Analysis by Employment Type
4――Panel Data Analysis
5――Conclusion